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Heidelberg University
The Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg (Heidelberg University, Ruperto Carola) is a public research university located in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Founded in 1386, it is the oldest university in contemporary Germany and 5th oldest in Central Europe.〔Prague (1348), Kraków (1364), Vienna (1365), Pécs (1367), Heidelberg (1386), Cologne (1388)〕 It was the third university established in the Holy Roman Empire. Heidelberg has been a coeducational institution since 1899. Today the university consists of twelve faculties and offers degree programmes at undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels in some 100 disciplines.〔The university does not include departments of business, visual arts, and engineering, except for computer engineering. For a list of subjects offered see 〕 It is a German Excellence University, as well as a founding member of the League of European Research Universities and the Coimbra Group. The language of instruction is usually German.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Language skills required to study at Heidelberg University )〕
Rupert I, Elector Palatine established the university when Heidelberg was the capital of the Electoral Palatinate. Consequently, it served as a centre for theologians and law experts from throughout the Holy Roman Empire. Matriculation rates declined with the Thirty Years' War, and the university did not overcome its fiscal and intellectual crises until the early 19th century. Subsequently, the institution once again became a hub for independent thinkers, and developed into a "stronghold of humanism", and a centre of democratic thinking. At this time, Heidelberg served as a role model for the implementation of graduate schools at American universities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=When German Universities were Models for American Universities )〕 However, the university lost many of its dissident professors and was marked a NSDAP university during the Nazi era (between 1933 and 1945). It later underwent an extensive denazification after World War II—Heidelberg serving as one of the main scenes of the left-wing student protests in Germany in the 1970s.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Student protests at Heidelberg ) from ''Ruprecht'', issue 37, 12.07.95〕
Modern scientific psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychiatric genetics, environmental physics,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Department of Physics and Astronomy )〕 and modern sociology〔William Petersen, ''Against the Stream'', Transaction Publishers, ISBN 978-0-7658-0222-4, 2004, (Google Print, p.24 )〕 were introduced as scientific disciplines by Heidelberg faculty.
The university has an emphasis on research and has been associated with 56 Nobel Prize laureates. It is consistently ranked among Europe's top overall universities,〔Its latest overall ranking positions range from 5th to 18th in Europe; the peer review scores, reflecting academic esteem, are usually higher. It was never ranked outside Europe's top 20 by any major university ranking. See rankings.〕 and is an international education venue for doctoral students, with approximately 1,000 doctorates successfully completed every year, and with more than one third of the doctoral students coming from abroad. International students from some 130 countries account for more than 20 percent of the entire student body.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Heidelberg Research Magazine Ruperto Carola 1/2004 )〕 Heidelberg comprises two major campuses: one in Heidelberg's Old Town and another in the Neuenheimer Feld quarter on the outskirts of the city. The university's noted alumni include eleven domestic and foreign Heads of State or Heads of Government.
==History==
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